形容词和副词的三种形式

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形容词和副词的三种形式

形容词和副词的三种形式
形容词和副词的三种形式

形容词和副词的三种形式
形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三种形式.
原级变为比较级和最高级分规则变化和不规则变化两种.
1、规则变化:
(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级.
a)直接加er,est :
b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est:
c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er,est:
(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more / most.
2、不规则变化:
原级 比较级 最高级
good好的,well好;(身体)好的 better更好的 best最好的
bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地 worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地 worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地
many许多的(可数),much许多的(不可数);非常 more更多的;更 most最多的;最
little少的 less更少的 least最少的
far远的;远地 farther更远的;更远地 farthest最远的;最远地

对形容词和副词的考查,主要集中在它们在句中的位置以及它们的级的用法。
一、形容词和副词的句法功能与位置
1、形容词的句法功能与位置
形容词修饰名词或不定代词,表示人或事物的性质、特征或状态,在句子中主要用作定语、表语、补足语、状语等。
1)用作定语
形容词作定语时,有时要前置,有是要后置。大体有以下几种情况:
(1)大多数...

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对形容词和副词的考查,主要集中在它们在句中的位置以及它们的级的用法。
一、形容词和副词的句法功能与位置
1、形容词的句法功能与位置
形容词修饰名词或不定代词,表示人或事物的性质、特征或状态,在句子中主要用作定语、表语、补足语、状语等。
1)用作定语
形容词作定语时,有时要前置,有是要后置。大体有以下几种情况:
(1)大多数的单个形容词作前置定语,它总是在限定词之后,如:
This is an interesting story book.
The old man was too weak to take his usual walk.
(2)当形容词本身带有较长后置修饰语时,这些形容词短语要后置。如:
It is a problem difficult to solve.(这是个难解决的问题。)
He has a house larger than yours.(他有一座比你大的房子。)
There was only one man capable of lending him 200 pounds.(只有一个人能借给他200英镑。)
(3)当被修饰的词是合成不定代词时,形容词要后置。如:
There is nothing interesting in today’s newspaper.
Why don’t you read something easier?
(4)同表示数量的词组连用时,形容词要放在名词之后。如:
They dug a canal 3 meters deep and 10 meters wide.(他们挖了一条3米深、10米宽的的水道。)
This is a river two hundred miles long.
(5)由and / or 连接的并列形容词有时后置。如:
He suggested a method both economical and practical.(他提出了一个既经济又切实可行的方法。)
All men ,rich or poor, are equal before law.(所有的人,不论贫富,在法律面前是平等的。)
(6)enough作定语时,既可前置,又可后置。如:
They took enough food / food enough to last them a week.(他们带了够一个星期吃的食物。)
Are there enough desks / desks enough for all the students?
(7)一些表语形容词用作定语时,只能后置。常见的这类形容词有:alive, awake, asleep, present等。如:
He is the only man alive / awake.(他是唯一活着/醒着的人。)
All the people present got up to leave.(所有到场的人都起身走了。)
(8)几个形容词同时修饰一个名词时,通常按下列顺序排列:限定词——描绘性形容词——大小——形状——年龄——颜色——国籍——原料——用途——名词中心词。如:
There is a huge round wooden table in the room.(房间里有一张大的圆木桌。)
Here are some beautiful fresh white roses.(这儿有一些漂亮新鲜的白玫瑰。)
It is a tall gray Victorian building.(这是一座高大的维多利亚时期的灰色建筑。)
2.用作表语
形容词作表语要用在连系动词之后。常见的连系动词有:appear, be, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seen, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。如:
The weather is getting quite warm.(天气变的相当暖和。)
The old man went mad.(那位老人疯了。)
It seems probable that I’ll be sent abroad next year.(看来我明年有可能被派往国外。)
其中有些感官的连系动词,如feel,sound,taste,smell,其后跟形容词作表语,它们表示“(东西)给人某种感觉”,这是用主动形式表示被动意义。如:
This sheet feels wet .(这床单摸起来是湿的。)
The dinner smells good.( 这饭菜味道很香。)
我们还要注意,英语中有些形容词是以— ly 结尾,我们容易把它们误认为是副词,如lovely(可爱的),lonely(孤独的),lively(活泼的),friendly(爱好的),orderly(有序的),motherly(母亲般的)等。如:
She looks lovely.(她看起来很可爱。)
They have been friendly with each other for many years.
3)用作宾词补足语
形容词作宾词补足语,一般紧跟着宾语后,它与宾词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如:
Toothache kept me awake the whole night.(牙疼使我彻底未眠。)
I’ve never seen you so cheerful.
I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn.
4)用作状语
形容词作状语,表示意义上的增补,和句子的主语的逻辑上的主谓关系,它可以放在句子前面,也可放在句子后部,间或插在主语后面。如:
Greatly interested, I asked him how he played the new instrument .(大感兴趣之下,我问他这新乐器怎么弹。)
She girl, surprised at the sight, didn’t know what to say.(那姑娘看到这景象很是吃惊,不知道说什么好。)
作句子状语(或称独立成分)的形容词,多放在句子前头。如:
Strange to say, no one was hurt.(说也奇怪,没有人受伤。)
He may be late. Worse still, he may not come at all.(他可能会迟到。更糟糕的是,他可能压根儿就不来了。)
2.副词的句法功能与位置
副词按其词汇意义和句法功能,可分为下列几种:1)方式副词(如warmly, quickly, gladly等);2)程度副词(如almost, nearly, completely等);3)时间副词(如already, soon, today等);4)频度副词(如always, never, often等);5)地点副词(如here, anywhere, above等);6)疑问副词(如where, when, how, why等);7)关系副词(如where, when, why等);8)连接副词(如therefore, however, otherwise等)。副词的作用主要是作状语,有时用来作定语、表语、宾词补足语等。
1)用作状语
副词作状语,用来修饰动词、形容词和其他副词,或者修饰整个句子。它们的位置有下面几种:
(1)地点副词、方式副词和多数的时间副词放在所修饰动词的后面,或放在句末(宾词或状语之后)。如:
I remember having seen him somewhere.
They received the visitor coldly.
They will fly to Shanghai tomorrow.
(2)频度副词通常放在实义动词前面;如果句子中有助动词或动词be,则放在这些动词后面。如:
I seldom got a chance to read .(我很少得到看书的机会。)
She is always thinking of others .
Our monitor is always the first to come to class.
(3)修饰形容词和副词的程序副词,一般放在被修饰之前。如:
We were very lucky to find you here.
Can you explain it more simply?
程度副词enough 要放在它所修饰的形容词或副词之后。如:
It’s warm enough to swim today.
He didn’t run fast enough to catch the train.
(4)疑问副词、连接副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的开头。如:
Where did you study medicine?
I’ll tell you why you have to study Enlist grammar.
Luckily, she was in when I called.
Surprisingly ,she has married again.
其他一些副词特别强调时,也可放在句首。如:
Recently I haven’t been feeling very well.(最近我感到身体不大舒服。)
Indoors it was nice and warm.(室内非常暖和舒服。)
Usually I’m very careful.(通常我是非常小心的。)
2)用作定语
副词(主要是地点副词和时间副词)作用定语时一般放在它所修饰的名词之后。如:
The meeting yesterday lasted more than three hours.
Life here is full of joy.(室内非常暖和舒服。)
On my way home, I met groups of Young Pioneers.
We had to get off and take the bus behind.(我们只得下车,换乘后面的巴士。)











二、形容词和副词的比较级形式
有些形容词/副词有三种形式:原级,即形容词的原形;比较级,表示“比较……;最高级,表示“最……。”
1、形容词/副词的比较级和最高级规则变化形式
1) 单音节词及少数双音词都以在其后加词尾-er, -est的方式构成,构成的方式如下:

情 况 加 法 例 词
一般情况 直接加词尾 Small smaller smallest
Hard harder headset
以e结尾的词 加-r,-及-st Brave braver bravest
Late alter latest
以辅音+y结尾的词 变y为i,再加词尾 Happy happier happiest
Early earlier earliest
以一个辅音字母结尾的词 双写该辅音字母,再加词尾 Hot hotter hottest
Big bigger biggest

除以y结尾的双音节词外,以-ow,-er等结尾的双音节词,也可用加词尾的方法构成比较级和最高级。如:
原级 比较级 最高级
narrow narrower narrowest
clever cleverer cleverest
simple simpler simplest
common commoner commonest
quiet quieter quietest
2)其他双音节词及多音节都以在前面加more和most的方式构成比较级和最高级。如:
原级 比较级 最高级
careful more careful most careful
active more active most active
difficult more difficult most difficult
quickly more quickly most quickly
有少数单音节词如pleased, glad, tired, fond等,也可以用这种方法构成比较级和最高级。
3)less和least也可用来构成比较级级和最高级,“表示较不/最不……”.如:
原级 比较级 最高级
dangerous less dangerous least dangerous
necessary less necessary least necessary
2、形容词/副词的比较级和最高级不规则变化形式
原 级 比 较级 最高级
good, well better best
bad, badly worse worst
much, many more most
little less least
far farther, further farthest furthest
old older, elder oldest, eldest
[注意]older/oldest与elder/eldest, farther与further的区别
1.older/oldest与eldest/eldest的区别
older/oldest用来表示年龄大小的比较,其中older可以与than连用在比较结构中;而elder/eldest用来表示兄弟、姐妹之间的长幼关系,只能用作定语,elder不能与than连用在比较结构中。如:
My elder brother is an artist. He is four years older than I.
2.farther与further的区别
farther 和further都是far的比较级,可作形容词和副词。两者都可指距离,有“更远的/地”之意,二者可换用,但farther更普通些。但further 还有“更多;进一步;额外”等含义,此时不能与farther替换使用。如:
The problem must be further discussed next time.(这个问题还需下次进一步讨论。)



三、形容词和副词的比较结构
以上讲了形容词和副词的比较级形式,这是就词形变化而言。如果把这三种语法形式用来对人或物的性状、数量进行比较,那就形成了形容词和副词的比较结构。英语的比较结构主要有以下三种。
1.As …as结构
表示甲、乙双方在性质、程度、数量等方面相等时,用“as+形容词/副词原级+as-从句”结构。在as-从句中常省掉与主句相同的成分。如:
Our classroom is as large as theirs(is large).
This kind of paper is as soft and light as silk(is soft and light).
She could speak English as well as he could.
表示甲在某一方面不如乙时,用“not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as”结构。如:
He is not so hardworking as his sister.(他不如他姐姐勤奋。)
He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.(他没有他弟弟抽得凶。)
As… as结构的另一种基本模式是:as+many/much+名词+as。这种结构的否定形式是:not as/so+many/much+名词+as。其中many修饰复数可数名词,much修饰不可数名词。如:
There are as many students in Class One as in Class Two.(一班的学生和二班的一样多。)
We have as much snow this year as last year.(我们这里今年的雪和去年一样多。)
在as/so … as结构前可以用副词just, almost, nearly, quite 以及表示倍数的half, tames等修饰语,表示程度。如:
This magazine is almost/nearly as that one.( 这本杂志几乎同那本一样厚)
The earth is about 49 times as big the moon.(地球的体积约是月球的49倍。)
2.More… than结构
表示两个人或物在进行比较时,甲在某方面超过乙,要用“形容词/副词比较级+than-从句”结构。在than-从句中常省略掉与主句相同的部分。如:
He made fewer mistakes than you(did).(他出的错比你少。)
It was more expensive than I thought.(它比我想的要贵些。)
There are more workers in this factory than in that one. Tom drove more carefully than Ann (did).
这种比较结构的否定形式是not more… than的反义,但less… than结构听起来不自然,倒不如用相应的as/so … as 结构或more… than结构来得普通。以下三句同义:
This street is less wide than that one. This street is not so wide as that one. This street is narrower than that one.
形容词/副词比较级前可用much, a lot, a bit, a little以及其他表示数量的词来表示程度。如:
He is feeling a lot better today.(今天他感到好多了。)
You look much happier than you did yesterday. My sister is ten years younger than me.
It is one-fourth cheaper than the market price.(它比市场价格低四分之一。)
[注意]使用比较级时要特别注意的几个问题
1.比较的对象必须是属于同一性质(范畴)内的人或物
[误]The doctors in this hospital are better than in that hospital.
[正]The doctors in this hospital are than those in that hospital.
[误]His English is as good as his btother.
[正]His English is as good as his brother’s.
在使用英语比较级时,相比的应是两个人,或是两个同一类的事物,不是同一类的事物不能相比。为避免重复,我们常用one或that代替单数名词,用those代替复数可数名词,用that 代替不可数名词。如:
His English is as good as that of his brother’s.
The book you bought yesterday is more interesting than the one(= the book)you showed me this morning.
The boys in his class are more active than those (=the boys)in our class.
2.要避免比较级中自身与自向比较
[误]Xiao Li is more active than any boy in his class.
Xiao Li属于any boy中的一位,没有排除自身比较,应改为:
Xiao Li is more active than any other boy in his class.
但是,不同范围的人或物进行比较时,则than-从句中不用other。如:
Cline is larger than any country in Europe.
3.要避免双重比较级
前面使用了more,后面的形容词/副词又使用了比较级,这就造成了双重比较级,这是错误的。如:[误]His younger brother was more stronger than he.
[正]His younger brother was stronger than he.
3.the most … 结构
如果是三个或三个以上的人物就某一方面进行比较,表示甲在这些人/物中“最大…… ”就得用“the+形容词/副词最高级+比较范围”结构。形容词最高级前一定要加the,副词最高级前用或不用the都可。用介词(of/in among)短语或定语从句等说明比较的范围。如:
Shanghai is the largest city in China.
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
Of all the girls in my class ,Susan studies the hardest.
这个结构的反义形式是the least … 最不……)。如:
Among all the workers ,Tom works the least carefully,(在所有的工人中,汤姆干活最不细心)。
最高级前可以有by far ,nearly, next, second, third 等修饰语。如:
It was by far the best hospital I had ever seen.(这是我见过的最好的医院。)
That’s nearly the cheapest jacket in the town.( 那几乎是城里最便宜的夹克了。)
Hanna is China’s second largest island .(海南是中国第二大岛。)
注意,most前不用定冠词,则不属于最高级,most相当于very,常用在口语中。如:
Mr. Smith is a most interesting man.(史密斯先生是位非常有趣的人。)
I should be most happy to help you .( 我会非常高兴帮助你。)

[注意] 最高级意义的其他一些表过方式

形容词/副词的最高级意义,除了用它们的最高级形式表示之外,也可用其原级或比较级形式来表示最高级含义。
1.比较级+than any other+单数名词
My brother is taller than any other boy in his class.(我弟弟在他的班里比其他任何一个男孩都高。)
2.比较级+than anyone /anything else
My father is busier than anyone else in his factory.(我父亲在他的工厂里比其他任何人都忙。)
3.比较级+than all other +复数名词
Our school is larger than other schools.(我们的学校比其他任何学校都大。)
4.否定词+比较级
No other book has a greater influence on my life.(任何其他的书籍都没有这本书对我一生的影响大。)
I never saw a prettier sight.(我从来没有看见过比这更美丽的景象。)
5.否定词+so +原级+as
Nothing can be so simple as this.( 再也没有比这更简单的了。)
There is nothing I like so much as playing football .(我最爱踢足球。)

四、形容词/副词比较级和最高级的一些特殊用法
1.“the+比较级+of the two… ”表示两者的比较
形容词比较前一般不用定冠词,只有最高级前才用定冠词。但若表示两者中较突出者,可用“the+比较级+of the two…”结构。如:
She is the prettier of the twins.(这对双胞胎中,她更漂亮一些。)
I think this is the more interesting of the two films.(我认为这两部电影中,这一部更有趣。)
The larger of the two islands is Britain.(两个岛屿中较大的一个是不列颠。)
2.“more and more”表示一个过程的不断增长
“more and more +原级”或“比较级+and+比较级”结构不表示与其他事物的比较,而表示一个过程的不断增长,相当于汉语中的“越来越……”这种结构后不可接than-从句.如:
Things are getting better and better every day.(情况一天一天好起来。)
He is becoming more and active in sprits.
Now we see it more and more clearly.
3.“the more …,the more…”表示“越…,就越…”
“the more…,the more …”结构的确切含义为“the+比较级……,the+比较级……”,表示两个过程按比例同时增减,相当于汉语的“越……,就越……”。如:The more I study it ,the more I like it.(我越学习它就越喜欢它。)
The more money you make, the more you spend.(你赚钱越多,花费就越多)。
希望对你有帮助。

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